The Multifaceted Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Motor and Non-Motor Function: A Narrative Review

Background: This narrative review aimed to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on both motor and non-motor impairments across different age groups. Methods and Results: A computer-based search was conducted using EBSCO, Google Scholar, and PubMed Central to identify relevant articles published between 2015 and 2025. The search utilized specific key terms including but not limited to “obstructive sleep apnea” or “OSA” along with “motor function,” “balance,” “gait,” “non-motor,” “cognitive function,” “fatigue,” and “depression.” The review of 21 eligible studies (out of 100) suggests that OSA is associated with impairments in motor and non-motor functions. While OSA disrupts balance and gait, particularly during dual-tasking, inconsistencies exist, highlighting the need for standardized balance assessments. OSA is linked to cognitive decline, fatigue, and depression. Conclusion: This narrative review reveals a consistent association between OSA and impairments in both motor and non-motor function among middle-aged and older adults. Key findings indicate that OSA disrupts balance and gait, especially under dual-task conditions. However, methodological inconsistencies in balance assessments highlight the need for standardized approaches. The link between OSA and decrements in cognitive function, increased fatigue, and the presence of depressive symptoms also attracts attention. Future well-designed longitudinal studies employing standardized and comprehensive assessments should aim to elucidate the long-term consequences of OSA on both motor and non-motor functions and inform the development of targeted interventions designed to mitigate these effects. In addition, assessing younger individuals is crucial for understanding the early impact of OSA on non-motor and motor development, performance, and informing preventive strategies.