Risk factors for cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading public health problem, affecting more than 800 million people worldwide. CKD is frequently associated with complications, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, osteoporosis, and cognitive impairment (CI), which can range from moderate to severe and impact patients’ quality of life. This study aims to test the prevalence of CI among patients with CKD and determine associated disease severity measures and elements related to CI. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary medical center in a developing country’s healthcare setting. A cohort of 319 patients with CKD has been recruited. The participants took the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test. Clinical variables included comorbidities, medications, and laboratory tests from patients’ electronic records. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to predict factors related to MoCA ratings of < 26 and ≥ 26 after adjusting for applicable covariates. Results: 41.7% of the individuals had a MoCA score of less than 26, indicating mild CI. Factors significantly associated with cognitive problems included older age, lower educational attainment, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, advanced stage of CKD, and use of benzodiazepines. Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of CI among CKD patients and identifies several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Early screening and targeted interventions should help reduce CKD patients’ mental suffering and CI.