Physico-chemical and parasitological characteristics of wastewater and treated wastewater from four main sewage treatment plants in the Vhembe district, South Africa

The physico-chemical and parasitological parameters of wastewater and treated wastewaters in Limpopo, South Africa were studied from four sewage treatment plants in the Vhembe District. Samples were analyzed for various physical and physical and chemical properties methods. Modified ZiehlNeelson and real time PCR were used for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia while direct microscopy was used for the detection of helminthic organisms. The quality of the effluents was acceptable with respect to the temperature and pH. In terms of other characteristics such as phosphate, nitrate and turbidity, the values obtained were higher than standards set by the South African government gazette. Dissolved oxygen did not comply with the limits set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to sustain fish and aquatic life. In all the samples studied, Cryptosporidium was found in 50% while Giardia was found in 35.7%. Other parasites were also identified. The present study has shown that general parasitological quality of the effluents discharged from all plants pose a threat to the receiving water bodies. Results also suggest that eutrophication might be intensified in the vicinity of the effluent discharge points, thus suggesting the need for regular and consistent monitoring to ensure adherence to acceptable standards.