Diabetes etiopathology, classification, diagnosis, and epidemiology

Diabetes is classified into distinct types based on etiopathological differences. T1DM is an autoimmune disease, while T2DM occurs due to inadequate insulin secretion on the background of insulin resistance. GDM and other types of diabetes are also classified based on their unique characteristics. Several risk factors contribute to the development of diabetes, including age, obesity, lack of physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, certain racial/ethnic subgroups, genetic predisposition, and family history. The burden of diabetes is increasing, with low- and middle-income countries expected to bear the brunt of this epidemic. In 2021, diabetes and/or its complications resulted in an estimated 6.7 million deaths among adults aged 20–79years, accounting for 12.2% of global deaths in this age group. Addressing this public health issue is crucial to prevent further escalation of the disease.