Cranberry Extract Ameliorates Diabetic Cognitive Impairment in Rats Via LncRNA GAS-5 Downregulation and Pyroptosis Pathway Inhibition

The pathophysiology of diabetes-induced brain injury involves pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of cranberry extract (CE) against diabetes-induced brain injury. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in rats. Brain tissue samples were investigated for biochemical determination of the reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the quantitative RT-PCR for the gene expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), lncRNA GAS-5, and pyroptosis markers. ELISA was used to determine the caspase-1 level and immunohistochemical staining for assessing IL-1β. Prophylactic dosing of the CE in diabetic rats improved cognitive behavior and significantly suppressed MDA concentration, pyroptosis genes expression (gasdermin D and caspase 1), and lncRNA GAS-5. In addition, CE significantly elevated GSH concentration, SOD activity, and gene expression of GDNF and markedly reduced IL-1β positive stained cells score in the brain. Phytochemical characterization of the CE by FT-IR and UPLC-PDA-MS/MS revealed cyanidin arabinoside, procyanidins, quercetin, and isorhamnetin as key components. CE protects against diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats by targeting redox-related signaling pathways and inducing an anti-inflammatory effect. LncRNA GAS-5 downregulation and pyroptosis pathway inhibition may contribute to its beneficial effects, suggesting its therapeutic potential.